“Dharma” (ou darma), é uma palavra do idioma antigo
sânscrito que significa literalmente “aquilo que sustenta, que mantém“, mas é
usado em significados mais amplos principalmente pelas escolas de sabedoria do
Yoga e do Budismo.
No Yoga, “Dharma” é a força régia da existência, a essência
verdadeira do que existe, ou a própria Verdade, trazendo significados
associados como a direção universal que baliza a vida humana ou o devir
pessoal. Quando acontece uma transmissão de compreensão, da Verdade, entre mestre
e discípulo nessa tradição, diz-se que houve uma “transmissão do Dharma”.
No
Budismo, “Dharma” (ou dhamma) é a Verdade contida nos ensinamentos do Buddha
Gautama, que também apontam na direção do que é a Verdade — algumas vezes se
fala em conjunto, “Buddha-Dharma”. Um dos principais livros do cânone budista
que contém ensinamentos diretos do Buda se chama Dharmapada (ou dhammapada).
Praticamente todos eles mantém uma certa coerência em essência que aponta para
a “Lei Natural” ou a “Lei Cósmica”, num sentido amplo de toda a existência e
não apenas o da realidade material visível. O dharma “indiano” também guarda
semelhanças com o “Tao” chinês e com o “logos” ocidental.
O significado profundo de dharma não está nas palavras, mas
na experiência, na observação verdadeira e na compreensão.
Em termos de
palavras, a Wikipedia tem uma boa
definição. Três outras definições interessantes:
“O caminho das Verdades mais
altas“
“A ordem subjacente da Natureza (e portanto significa o modo como as
coisas são’)"
e
A realização de uma natureza inerente“.
Não é teoria
religiosa nem filosófica. Uma vida bem examinada e investigada, onde exista
auto-conhecimento (como disse Sócrates), é uma vida que encontra a Verdade, que
encontra seu caminho, que encontra o Dharma. Se o universo fosse um rio, o
fluxo desse rio seria o Dharma.
Vários estudiosos, seres iluminados e outros autores da
sabedoria oriental e ocidental já falaram sobre o Dharma, como por exemplo:
Brh. Upanishad, 1.4.14: “Verdadeiramente, aquilo que é
Dharma é verdade. Por isso se diz de um homem que fala a verdade, “Ele fala o
Dharma”, ou de um homem que fala do Dharma, “Ele fala a Verdade”. Na verdade,
as duas coisas são o mesmo.”
Kalu Rinpoche: “Dharma é o caminho de descobrir a si mesmo,
isso é Dharma”.
Ajahn Chah
(em In Simple Terms): “…The Dhamma is just like this, choosing analogies for
you to listen to, because the Dhamma doesn’t have anything. Does it have a
color? Is it round? Does it have corners? Is it short? There’s no way to get
acquainted with it except through comparisons like this. If you understand
this, you understand the Dhamma. “Don’t think that the Dhamma lies far away
from you. It lies right with you; it’s about you. Take a look. Now happy, now
sad, now satisfied, now dissatisfied, now angry at this person, now hating that
person: It’s all Dhamma…”
Ajan Chah
(de novo): (1) “What is Dhamma? Nothing isn’t.” (2) How does the Dhamma teach
the proper way of life? It shows us how to live. It has many ways of showing it
– on rocks or trees or just in front of you. It is a teaching but not in words.
So still the mind, the heart, and learn to watch. You’ll find the whole Dhamma
revealing itself here and now. At what other time and place are you going to
look? (3) First you understand the Dhamma with your thoughts. If you begin to
understand it, you will practice it. And if you practice it, you will begin to
see it, you are the Dhamma and you have the joy of the Buddha. (4) The Dhamma
has to be found by looking into your own heart and seeing that which is true
and that which is not, that which is balanced and that which is not balanced.
(5) Whatever you do, make it Dhamma. If you don’t feel good, look inside. If
you know it’s wrong and still do it, that’s defilement.
Huang Po (mestre Zen-Budista): “Por dharma quero dizer o
coração, porque não há dharma sem coração.”
Chögyam
Trungpa: “The dharma is based on honesty, on not having self-deception of any
kind. When the dharma says blue, it is blue; when it says red, it is red.
Dharma is like saying fire is hot, or the sky is blue: it is speaking the
truth. The difference is that dharma is the truth of the reality of the journey
toward freedom. Saying that red is red does not particularly liberate you from
seeing green or yellow. But when dharma speaks about reality, we see that it is
worth stepping out of our little world of habitual patterns, our little nest.
In that way, the dharma brings greater vision”.
Swami
Sivananda: “That which elevates one is Dharma”.
Kanada
Rishi, no “Vaisheshika Darshana Sutra”: “Dharma is that which fulfils the
prosperity and the ultimate goal (of human life), namely liberation. [athaato
dharmaM vyaakhyaasyaamaH | yataH abhyudaya-niHshreyasa- siddhiH sa dharmaH]
Adi
Shankara em “Introduction to Gita Bhashya” (comentário aos versos 7-8 Cap. 4):
“The Vedas state a two-fold dharma for the maintenance of the world – one
characterized by Works, and the other by Renunciation. Dharma is that which
directly leads to liberation and worldly prosperity.” [dvivido hi vedokto
dharmaH pravRRitti-lakShaNo nivRRitti-lakShaNashcha jagataH sthiti-kaaraNam |
praaNinaaM saakShaad abhyudaya-niHshreyasa hetuH yaH sa dharmaH…]
Rishi
Kanada, Vaiseshika Sutras: “That which leads to the attainment of Abhyudaya
(prosperity in this world) and Nihsreyasa (total cessation of pain and
attainment of eternal bliss hereafter) is Dharma”.
Rene
Guenon, father of the 20th century school of Perennial Philosophy
(“Introduction to the Study of Hindu Doctrines”): “It [dharma] is, so to speak,
the essential nature of a being, comprising the sum of its particular qualities
or characteristics, and determining, by virtue of the tendencies or
dispositions it implies, the manner in which this being will conduct itself,
either in a general way or in relation to each particular circumstance. The
same idea may be applied, not only to a single being, but also to an organized
collectivity, to a species, to all the beings included in a cosmic cycle or
state of existence, or even to the whole order of the Universe; it then, at one
level or another, signifies conformity with the essential nature of being”.
Atharva
Veda: “Prithivim Dharmana Dhritam” “This world is upheld by Dharma”.
Tokuda Igarashi: “Se chegarmos a apreciar todos os fenômenos
com a visão de um buda e não aquela de um ser humano comum, qual seria o
aspecto do mundo? Todavia, mesmo as coisas mais terríveis são a expressão de
tathata, a totalidade, porque todos os fenômenos ensinam o Dharma. Não se
descreve o Dharma com palavras, dizemos que as árvores e as montanhas elas
mesmas ensinam o Dharma. É algo de secreto, “secreto” porque se nós estamos no
mundo do inferno, não os podemos ouvir, e enquanto seres humanos não os podemos
ouvir tampouco. Um buda e somente um buda pode ouvir uma árvore falar do
Dharma”.
Wikipedia:
“Dharma (Sanskrit, roughly law or way) is the way of the higher Truths. Dharma
forms the basis for philosophies, beliefs and practices originating in India.
The oldest of these, widely known as Hinduism, is Sanatana Dharma or Eternal
Dharma. Buddhism, Ayyavazhi, Jainism and Sikhism also retain the centrality of
Dharma. In these traditions, beings that live in harmony with Dharma proceed
more quickly towards moksha, nirvana, or personal liberation. Dharma also refers
to the teachings and doctrines of the various founders of the traditions, such
as Gautama Buddha in Buddhism and Mahavira in Jainism. As the religious and
moral doctrine of the rights and duties of each individual, Dharma can refer
generally to religious duty, and also mean social order, right conduct, or
simply virtue.
The word
Dharma or dhamma (Pali) is used in most or all philosophies and religions of
Indian origin, the dharmic faiths, namely Hinduism (Sanatana Dharma), Buddhism,
Jainism and Sikhism. “Dharma” derives from the verbal root dhri, which simply
means “manner of being.” The term must therefore be understood in its original
(i.e. metaphysical) context, that of a conformity to a divine or creative
principle at work in an individual and in nature. It represents the
individual’s internal law, to which obedience must be given if that individual
life is to live in accordance with a Divine Will. This is what Hindus consider
the sole or primary purpose of life. It explains how justice finds its place
among the many modern definitions of the word dharma.
Jiddu
Krishnamurti: We hardly ever listen to the sound of a dog’s bark, or to the cry
of a child or the laughter of a man as he passes by. We separate ourselves from
everything, and then from this isolation look and listen to all things. It is
this separation that is so destructive, for in that lies all conflict and
confusion. If you listened to the sound of those bells with complete silence,
you would be riding on it–or, rather, the sound would carry you across the
valley and over the hill. They beauty of it is felt only when you and the sound
are not separate, when you are part of it. Meditation is the ending of the
separation not by any action of will or desire. (@ Open Dharma)
Swami Narayananada Ayurved Saraswati: “Os antigos Sábios
Védicos, em suas meditações, entraram em profundos estados de consciência e,
nesse estado expandido, foram compreendendo o Dharma, a ordem cósmica. Em
outras palavras, Eles atingiram a percepção direta da maneira pela qual a
presença do Ser ou Pura Consciência, imanente em todas as formas, em todo o
Universo, mantém este Universo em constante fluxo, dentro de uma ordem perfeita
e em vida eterna, tendo como princípio básico a Lei de Causa e Efeito –
Satkaryavada – e a Lei da igualdade dos atributos – Parinamavada. Esta é a
definição mais ampla de Dharma, por isso chamado Sanátana Dharma”.
Boddhidharma:
(palavras de Boddhidharma) “The Dharma is the truth that all natures are pure.
By this truth, all appearances are empty. Defilement and attachment, subject
and object don’t exist. The sutra says ‘ The Dharma includes no being because
it’s free from the impurity of being, and the Dharma includes no self because
it’s free from the impurity of self’. Those wise enough to believe and
understand these truth are bound to practise according to the Dharma. And since
that which is real includes nothing that is worth begrudging, they give their
body, life, and property in charity, without regret, without the vanity of the
giver, gift, or recipient, and without bias or attachment. And to eliminate
impurity they teach others, but without being attached to form. Thus, through
their own practise they’re able to help others and glorify the Way of
Enlightenment. And as with charity, they also practise the other virtues to
eliminate delusion, they practise nothing at all. This is what’s meant by
practising the Dharma.'” (@ Buddhist Door)
yogadharma.com.ar: “Dharma es la capacidad de prestar
servicio, la cualidade esencial de todo ser vivente” (do “Bhagavad Gita”).
buddhanet.org:
“The Buddha taught Dhamma (the way, the truth, the path). He did not call his
followers “Buddhists”; he referred to them as “Dhammists” (those who follow the
truth)”.
What one’s
mind contains, at this moment, is Dhamma. Dhamma is everything there is. Let a
beginning be made to understand Dharma. Dharma is free from all sectarian
beliefs, dogmas, rites and rituals. Even sectarian names are not necessary. You
may or may not call yourself a Hindu or a Muslim, but you should be a Dharmic
person, a person living the life of Dharma. This means that your mind should
remain pure. If your mind remains pure, then all your other actions, vocal or
physical, will naturally become pure.
On the
other hand, if you learn the art of Dharma, this means the art of living, and
you stop generating negativity, you start experiencing peace and harmony within
yourself. When you keep your mind pure, full of love and compassion, the peace
and harmony that is generated within permeates the atmosphere around you.
Anyone who comes in contact with you at that time starts experiencing peace and
harmony. You are distributing something good that you have. You have peace, you
have harmony, you have real happiness, and you are distributing this to others.
This is Dharma, the art of living.
Dhamma is
so simple, so scientific, so true-a law of nature applicable to everyone.
Whether one is Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim, Christian; whether one is American,
Indian, Burmese, Russian or Italian – it makes no difference; a human being is
a human being. Dhamma is a pure science of mind, matter, and the interaction
between the two. Do not allow it to become a sectarian or philosophical belief.
This will be of no help.
Sankaracharya:
As a result of this (nirvikalpa) samadhi millions of results of actions, accumulated
in this beginningless world over past and present births, are destroyed, and
pure dharma (helpful to the realisation of Truth) grows. The experts in Yoga
call this samadhi ‘a rain cloud of dharma’ because it pours forth countless
showers of the bliss of dharma.
Ananda
Marga: The word dharma signifies “property”. The English word for it is
“nature”, “characteristic” or “property”. The nature of fire is to burn or
produce heat. It is the characteristic or property of fire and is also termed
the nature of fire. Similarly, the dharma or nature of a human being is to seek
the Cosmic Entity.
hinduism.about.com:
Anything that helps human being to reach god is dharma and anything that
hinders human being from reaching god is adharma. (…) The purpose of dharma is
not only to attain a union of the soul with the supreme reality, it also
suggests a code of conduct that is intended to secure both worldly joys and
supreme happiness. Rishi Kanda has defined dharma in Vaisesika as “that confers
worldly joys and leads to supreme happiness”.
veda.wikidot.org:
Dharma (Sanskrit) (“way of righteousness.” From dhri, “to sustain; carry,
hold.”) refers to the underlying order in Nature and human life and behavior
considered to be in accord with that order. Dharma is a Sanskrit expression of
the widest import. There is no corresponding word in any other language. It
would also be futile to attempt to give any definition of the word. It can only
be explained. It has a wide variety of meanings. A few of them would enable us to
understand the range of that expression. Hence dharma can be briefly said as
“that which contains or upholds the cosmos.” The word ‘Dharma’ is used to mean
Justice (Nyaya), what is right in a given circumstance, moral values of life,
pious obligations of individuals, righteous conduct in every sphere of
activity, being helpful to other living beings, giving charity to individuals
in need of it or to a public cause or alms to the needy, natural qualities or
characteristics or properties of living beings and things, duty and law as also
constitutional law. (veja mais no site)
sotozen-net.or.jp:
We then take refuge in the Three Treasures: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. The
Buddha is the one who awakened to reality. The Dharma is reality itself, the
way things truly are. The Sangha are the people who aspire to study and living
according to the teaching of the reality of all beings.
livingdharma.org:
The “Dharma” refers to the teachings of Buddhism, the essence of which is the
impermanent and interdependent nature of all life. But “Dharma” also refers to
the everyday experiences of our lives that make these teachings come alive.
That’s why we say the Dharma is “living.”
Brh.
Upanishad, 1.4.14: ” Verily, that which is Dharma is truth. Therefore they say
of a man who speaks truth, ‘He speaks the Dharma,’ or of a man who speaks the
Dharma, ‘He speaks the Truth.’ Verily, both these things are the same.”
Oxford
Philosophy Dictionary: (Sanskrit, carrying or holding) In Buddhism, the factors
of existence. Originally not so much an ethical concept as one of cosmological
theory, dharma bears some relationship to the Greek logos, meaning the
principle or law governing the universe, and in particular the cycles of
rebirth. It became associated with the teachings of the Buddha and the sphere
of temporal (non-religious) duty and custom, and from here is extended to cover
aspects of character that make up a personality. As in the ethics of Kant, it
is also associated with concern for others as extensions of oneself. This ethical
notion of dharma is prominent in the Buddhist contribution to Hindu thought.
acessoaoinsight.net: Quem vê a origem dependente vê o
Dhamma; quem vê o Dhamma vê a origem dependente (MN 28, The Great Discourse on
Causation – Paticcasamuppada, Bhikkhu Boddhi)
Artigo retirado do site:
http://dharmalog.com/dharma/
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